The Most Ancient Terrestrial Lichen Winfrenatia reticulata : A New Find and New Interpretation, or in Russian Version:" WINFRENATIA RETICULATA - ДРЕВНЕЙШИЙ НАЗЕМНЫЙ ЛИШАЙНИК ИЗ НИЖНЕГО ДЕВОНА; НОВАЯ НАХОДКА, НОВАЯ ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЯ" more

èÄãÖéçíéãéÉàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã, 2009, ‹ 1, Ò. 1–7 ìÑä 561.2 WINFRENATIA RETICULATA – ÑêÖÇçÖâòàâ çÄáÖåçõâ ãàòÄâçàä àá çàÜçÖÉé ÑÖÇéçÄ; çéÇÄü çÄïéÑäÄ, çéÇÄü àçíÖêèêÖíÄñàü © 2009 „. à. Ç. ä‡‡Ú˚„ËÌ*, ç. ë. ëÌË„Ë‚Ò͇fl**, ë. Ç. ÇËÍÛÎËÌ*** ÅÓÚ‡Ì˘ÂÒÍËÈ ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚ ËÏ. Ç.ã. äÓχÓ‚‡ êÄç, ë‡ÌÍÚ-èÂÚÂ·Û„ e-mail: *ikar34@yandex.ru; **natsnig@mail.ru; ***vickulin@gmail.com èÓÒÚÛÔË· ‚ ‰‡ÍˆË˛ 02.04.2008 „. èËÌflÚ‡ Í Ô˜‡ÚË 09.06.2008 „. àÒÒΉӂ‡Ì˚ ÔÂÔ‡‡Ú˚ ÓÍÂÏÌÂÌÌ˚ı ÙÓÒÒËÎËÈ, Á‡Íβ˜ÂÌÌ˚ı ‚ ÍÂÏÌËÒÚ˚ı Ò·̈‡ı ê‡ÈÌË (òÓÚ·̉Ëfl). Ç˚fl‚ÎÂÌ Ë ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÎÒfl Î˯‡ÈÌËÍ Ó‰‡ Winfrenatia – ÔÓ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û ÔÂ‚˚È Î˯‡ÈÌËÍ Ì‡ÁÂÏÌÓÈ ÙÎÓ˚, ‚ÓÁ‡ÒÚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÓÔ‰ÂÎflÂÚÒfl Ô‡ÊÒÍËÏ (= ÁË„ÂÌÒÍËÏ) ‚ÂÍÓÏ ‡ÌÌÂ„Ó ‰Â‚Ó̇. éÔËÒ‡Ì˚ ÌÓ‚˚ ÔËÁ̇ÍË Î˯‡ÈÌË͇ Ë ‰‡Ì‡ Ëı ÌÓ‚‡fl ËÌÚÂÔÂÚ‡ˆËfl. éÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÈ ÍÓÏÔÓÌÂÌÚ Ú‡ÎÎÓχ Î˯‡ÈÌË͇ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ÌËÚ˜‡Ú‡fl ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËfl ËÁ ÔÓfl‰Í‡ Nostocales. ëÚÛÍÚÛ˚, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ‡Ì ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡ÎËÒ¸ Í‡Í „Ë·Ì˚ „ËÙ˚, ÔÓ-‚ˉËÏÓÏÛ, fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÔÛÒÚ˚ÏË ‚·„‡Îˢ‡ÏË ˝ÚÓÈ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËË. ÉËÙ˚ ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ ‡Á‚Ë‚‡˛ÚÒfl ‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËË Ú‡ÎÎÓχ, ‚ÒÚÛÔ‡fl ‚ ÒËÏ·ËÓÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ Ò ÍÓÍÍÓˉÌÓÈ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËÂÈ. í‡ÍËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ, Winfrenatia reticulata Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ÒÓ·Ó˛ ÚÂıÍÓÏÔÓÌÂÌÚÌ˚È Ó„‡ÌËÁÏ, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘ËÈ ËÁ ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡, ÌËÚ˜‡ÚÓÈ Ë ÍÓÍÍÓˉÌÓÈ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËÈ. ÇÇÖÑÖçàÖ ã˯‡ÈÌËÍË fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl „ÛÔÔÓÈ ÒËÏ·ËÓÚ˘ÂÒÍËı Ó„‡ÌËÁÏÓ‚, Ë„‡˛˘Ëı ÌÂχÎÓ‚‡ÊÌÛ˛ Óθ ‚ ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ı ˝ÍÓÒËÒÚÂχı. è‰ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ó ‡ÌÌÂÏ ‚ÓÁÌËÍÌÓ‚ÂÌËË ÎËıÂÌËÁ‡ˆËË „Ë·Ó‚ ‚ ˝‚ÓβˆËË Ó„‡ÌËÁÏÓ‚ ‚˚Ò͇Á˚‚‡ÎËÒ¸ ÌÂÓ‰ÌÓÍ‡ÚÌÓ (Church, 1921; Eriksson, 1981; Hawksworth, 1982, 1988; Lutzoni et al., 2001; Xunlai et al., 2005). ÇÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ÚÂÏ, ̇ıÓ‰ÍË Î˯‡ÈÌËÍÓ‚ ‚ ËÒÍÓÔ‡ÂÏÓÏ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËË Í‡ÈÌ χÎÓ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚, ÌÂÒÏÓÚfl ̇ Ëı ÌÂÒÓÏÌÂÌÌÓ ¯ËÓÍÓ ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌË ‚ ‡Á΢Ì˚ ÔÂËÓ‰˚ ËÒÚÓËË ‡ÒÚËÚÂθÌÓÒÚË. èÂ‚˚ ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÌËfl Ó Ì‡ıӉ͇ı Î˯‡ÈÌËÍÓ‚ ‚ ‰‚ÌÂȯËı ÓÚÎÓÊÂÌËflı ·˚ÎË ÎË·Ó Ó¯Ë·Ó˜Ì˚ÏË, ÎË·Ó ÌÂ۷‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË. é‰ÌÓÈ ËÁ Ô˘ËÌ ˝ÚÓ„Ó fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ë ‚ ËÒÍÓÔ‡ÂÏÓÏ Ï‡ÚÂˇÎ ۷‰ËÚÂθÌ˚ı ÔËÁ̇ÍÓ‚ ÚÂÒÌÓ„Ó ÙËÁËÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ÍÓÌÚ‡ÍÚ‡ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ÏË. ç‡Ë·ÓΠ‰‚ÌËÏ Î˯‡ÈÌËÍÓÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚Ï Ó„‡ÌËÁÏÓÏ, ÔÓ-‚ˉËÏÓÏÛ, ÏÓÊÌÓ Ò˜ËÚ‡Ú¸ ÚÂÒÌÛ˛ ‡ÒÒӈˇˆË˛ „Ë·Ì˚ı „ËÙ Ò ÍÓÍÍÓˉÌÓÈ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËÂÈ, ÒÓı‡ÌË‚¯ÂÈÒfl ‚ ÏÓÒÍËı ‰ÓÍÂÏ·ËÈÒÍËı ÙÓÒÙÓËÚ‡ı ÙÓχˆËË ÑÓ¯‡ÌÚ¸ÛÓ (ÏÂÊ‰Û 551 Ë 635 ÏÎÌ. ÎÂÚ Ì‡Á‡‰) ‚ ˛ÊÌÓÏ äËÚ‡Â. ùÚË ËÒÍÓÔ‡ÂÏ˚ ̇ıÓ‰ÍË Ò‚Ë‰ÂÚÂθÒÚ‚Û˛Ú Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ „Ë·˚ ‚ÒÚÛÔ‡ÎË ‚ ÒËÏ·ËÓÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ ԇÚÌÂÒÚ‚Ó Ò ÙÓÚÓÚÓÙ‡ÏË Á‡‰ÓÎ„Ó ‰Ó ‚ÓÁÌËÍÌÓ‚ÂÌËfl ÒÓÒÛ‰ËÒÚ˚ı ‡ÒÚÂÌËÈ Ë ÔÓËÒıӉ˷ Ëı ÍÓ˝‚ÓβˆËfl ̇ Òۯ (Xunlai et al., 2005). í‡ÍÚӂ͇ ‡ÌÌÂ„Ó ˝Ì˄χÚË͇ ËÁ Ò‰ÌÂ„Ó ‰Â‚Ó̇ Spongiophyton Í‡Í Ó„‡ÌËÁχ Î˯‡ÈÌËÍÓ‚ÓÈ ÔËÓ‰˚ (Stein et al., 1993) ‚̇˜‡Î ͇Á‡Î‡Ò¸ ÌÂ۷‰ËÚÂθÌÓÈ, ÔÓÒÍÓθÍÛ Ó̇ ÓÒÌÓ‚˚‚‡Î‡Ò¸ Î˯¸ ̇ ÚÓÏ Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂθÒÚ‚Â, ˜ÚÓ 1 ÍÎÂÚÍË ‚̯ÌÂÈ ÍÛÚËÍÛÎ˚ Ó„‡ÌËÁχ ËÏÂÎË ÒıÓ‰ÒÚ‚Ó Ò „ËÙ‡ÏË „Ë·Ó‚. Ç ÚÓ Ê ‚ÂÏfl, Ì ·˚ÎÓ ÌË˜Â„Ó ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌÓ Ó Â„Ó ‚ÌÛÚÂÌÌÂÈ ÒÚÛÍÚÛÂ. Ç ÔÓÒΉÌ ‚ÂÏfl Î˯‡ÈÌËÍÓ‚‡fl ÔËÓ‰‡ Spongiophyton ÔÓÎۘ˷ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌÓ ÔÓ‰Ú‚ÂʉÂÌË (Taylor et al., 2004a). ä ÒÓʇÎÂÌ˲, ÓÒÚ‡ÚÍË Î˯‡ÈÌËÍÓ‚ ËÁ ÓÚÎÓÊÂÌËÈ Í‡·Ó̇, ÔÂÏË Ë Úˇ҇ ÔÓ͇ Ì ӷ̇ÛÊÂÌ˚, ıÓÚfl ÌÂÚ ÒÓÏÌÂÌËÈ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÎË ‚ ˝ÚË „ÂÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍË ÔÂËÓ‰˚. ã˯¸ ËÁ Ô‡ÎÂÓ„Â̇ Ë ÌÂÓ„Â̇ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡˛ÚÒfl Î˯‡ÈÌËÍË ıÓÓ¯ÂÈ ÒÓı‡ÌÌÓÒÚË. é‰ÌËÏ ËÁ ÌËı fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ˝ÔËÙËÚÌ˚È Î˯‡ÈÌËÍ Ó‰‡ Strigula (Sherwood-Pike, 1985), ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÔÂ‚Ó̇˜‡Î¸ÌÓ ·˚Î ÓÔËÒ‡Ì ËÁ ˝ÓˆÂ̇ íÂÌÌÂÒË Í‡Í ‡ÒÍÓÏˈÂÚ Ó‰‡ Pelicothallos ÒÂÏÂÈÒÚ‚‡ Microthyriaceae (Dilcher, 1965). ëÚÓÂÌË ˝ÚËı ÏËÍÓÙÓÒÒËÎËÈ, Ó·ËÚ‡‚¯Ëı ̇ ÒÚ‚Ó·ı ı‚ÓÈÌ˚ı ‰Â‚¸Â‚, ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ ÏÓÙÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍË ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓÒÚË ˝ÚËı ‰‚Ûı Ó‰Ó‚ Î˯‡ÈÌËÍÓ‚ ÔÓ Í‡ÈÌÂÈ ÏÂ ‰ÂÒflÚÍË ÏËÎÎËÓÌÓ‚ ÎÂÚ ÓÒÚ‡‚‡ÎËÒ¸ Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÌÂËÁÏÂÌÌ˚ÏË. àÁ flÌÚ‡fl, ‚ÓÁ‡ÒÚÓÏ 20 ÏÎÌ. ÎÂÚ, ̇ ÓÒÌÓ‚Â Ó·‡ÁˆÓ‚ ıÓÓ¯ÂÈ ÒÓı‡ÌÌÓÒÚË ·˚Î ÓÔËÒ‡Ì Î˯‡ÈÌËÍ Chaenothecopsis bitterfeldensis Rikkinen et Poinar (ÒÂÏ. Mycocaliciaceae) (Rikkinen, Poinar, 2000), ‡ ‚ ·‡ÎÚËÈÒÍÓÏ flÌÚ‡ ‚ÓÁ‡ÒÚÓÏ 40 ÏÎÌ. ÎÂÚ ·˚Πӷ̇ÛÊÂÌ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂθ Ó‰‡ Anzia (Lecanorales) (Rikkinen, Poinar, 2002). Ç ·‡ÎÚËÈÒÍÓÏ flÌÚ‡ ‚ÓÁ‡ÒÚÓÏ 55–35 ÏÎÌ. ÎÂÚ ·˚ÎË Ó·Ì‡ÛÊÂÌ˚ ‰‚‡ ‚ˉ‡ ͇ÎˈËÓˉÌ˚ı Î˯‡ÈÌËÍÓ‚, ÒıÓ‰Ì˚ı ÔÓ ÏÓÙÓÎÓ„ËË Ò ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ÏË Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎflÏË Ó‰Ó‚ Calicium Ë Chaenotheca. ÇË‰Ó‚Û˛ ÔË̇‰ÎÂÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ˝ÚËı ̇ıÓ‰ÓÍ ÓÔ‰ÂÎËÚ¸ Ì ۉ‡ÎÓÒ¸ 2 ä‡‡Ú˚„ËÌ Ë ‰. ‚ÒΉÒÚ‚Ë ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ Ì ·˚ÎË Ë‰ÂÌÚËÙˈËÓ‚‡Ì˚ ÙËÚÓ·ËÓÌÚ˚ (Rikkinen, 2003). é‰ÌÓÈ ËÁ ̇˷ÓΠÁ‡„‡‰Ó˜Ì˚ı ÒËÏ·ËÓÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ‡ÒÒӈˇˆËÈ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Ó„‡ÌËÁÏ, ˉÂÌÚËÙˈËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚È Í‡Í Ì‡ÍËÔÌÓÈ ˆË‡ÌÓÎ˯‡ÈÌËÍ Winfrenatia reticulata. é·‡Áˆ˚ ˝ÚÓ„Ó Ò‡ÏÓ„Ó ‰‚ÌÂ„Ó Ì‡ÁÂÏÌÓ„Ó ˆË‡ÌÓÎ˯‡ÈÌË͇ ·˚ÎË Ó·Ì‡ÛÊÂÌ˚ ‚ ‰Â‚ÓÌÒÍËı ÍÂÏÌËÒÚ˚ı Ò·̈‡ı ê‡ÈÌË òÓÚ·̉ËË (Taylor et al., 1995, 1997). ä‡Í ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌÓ, ‚ÓÁ‡ÒÚ ‡ÈÌË‚ÓÈ ÙÎÓ˚ ÓÔ‰ÂÎflÂÚÒfl Ô‡ÊÒÍËÏ (= ÁË„ÂÌÒÍËÏ) ‚ÂÍÓÏ ‡ÌÌÂ„Ó ‰Â‚Ó̇, Ú.Â. ÔËÏÂÌÓ ‚ 400 ÏÎÌ. ÎÂÚ. ëӄ·ÒÌÓ ÔÂ‚ÓÓÔËÒ‡Ì˲ Winfrenatia reticulata (Taylor et al., 1995), ÒÎÓ‚ˢ ˝ÚÓ„Ó Ó„‡ÌËÁχ ÒÓÒÚÓËÚ ËÁ ÚÓÌÍËı ÎÂÌÚӂˉÌ˚ı ÒÚÛÍÚÛ Ò ÌÂÔ‡‚ËθÌ˚ÏË Í‡flÏË ‰Ó 10 ÒÏ ‰ÎËÌ˚ Ë ÔË·ÎËÁËÚÂθÌÓ 1–2 ÏÏ ÚÓ΢ËÌ˚. ëÎÓ‚ˢ‡ Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì˚ ÒÍÓÔÎÂÌËflÏË ˆÂÌÓˆËÚÌ˚ı „ËÙ ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ ÚÓ΢ËÌÓÈ 1–4 ÏÍÏ, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÙÓÏËÛ˛Ú Ì‡ ÔÓ‚ÂıÌÓÒÚË ÒÎÓ‚ˢ‡ ÒÍ·‰ÍË ‚ ‚ˉ „·ÌÂÈ Ë ‚Ô‡‰ËÌ. Ç ÂÁÛθڇÚ ÔÓ ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ÔÓ‚ÂıÌÓÒÚË Ú‡ÎÎÓχ ‡ÒÔÓ·„‡˛ÚÒfl ÏÌÓ„Ó˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ ÏÂÎÍË ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ Ó‰ÌÓÓ·‡ÁÌ˚ ۄÎÛ·ÎÂÌËfl (‚Ô‡‰ËÌ˚) [ÔÓ ÚÂÏËÌÓÎÓ„ËË íÂÈÎÓ‡ Ë ‰. (Taylor et al., 1995, 1997) – “depressions”] ‚ ‚ˉ ÚÂıÏÂÌ˚ı ͇ÏÂ (“pockets”). ä‡ÏÂ˚ ‚‡¸ËÛ˛Ú ÔÓ ÙÓÏ ÓÚ ÓÍÛ„Î˚ı ‰Ó ¯ÂÒÚËÛ„ÓθÌ˚ı. Ç ÌËÊÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË Í‡ÏÂ ‡ÁÏ¢‡˛ÚÒfl ÓÍÛ„Î˚ ӉÌÓÍÎÂÚÓ˜Ì˚ ÍÓÍÍÓˉ˚ 15 ÏÍÏ ‚ ‰Ë‡ÏÂÚÂ, ‡ÒÔÓ·„‡˛˘ËÂÒfl Ó‰ËÌÓ˜ÌÓ ÎË·Ó ‚ ‚ˉ Ì·Óθ¯Ëı ÒÍÓÔÎÂÌËÈ. éÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ ÍÎÂÚÍË ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËË Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ÓÍÛÊÂÌ˚ ‰Ó‚ÓθÌÓ ÚÓÎÒÚÓÈ ÒÎËÁËÒÚÓÈ Ó·ÓÎÓ˜ÍÓÈ. Ç ÌËÊÌËı ˜‡ÒÚflı ͇ÏÂ ‡ÍÚË‚ÌÓ ‡Á‚Ë‚‡˛ÚÒfl ˆÂÌÓˆËÚÌ˚ „ËÙ˚ ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÌÂ‰ÍÓ ‚ÒÚÛÔ‡˛Ú ‚ ÍÓÌÚ‡ÍÚ Ò ÍÎÂÚ͇ÏË ÙÓÚÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡. ì ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÍÎÂÚÓÍ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËË ‚ ÏÂÒÚ‡ı ÍÓÌÚ‡ÍÚ‡ Ò „ËÙ‡ÏË Ó·Ì‡ÛÊË‚‡˛ÚÒfl Ò··˚ ËÌ‚‡„Ë̇ˆËË Ó·ÓÎÓ˜ÂÍ. ç‡Î˘Ë ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ËÌ‚‡„Ë̇ˆËÈ, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ÚÓÚ Ù‡ÍÚ, ˜ÚÓ „ËÙ˚ ÓÍÛʇ˛Ú Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË Í‡Ê‰Û˛ ËÁ ÍÎÂÚÓÍ ÙÓÚÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡, ÔÓ ÏÌÂÌ˲ ‡‚ÚÓÓ‚ ‚ˉ‡, ҂ˉÂÚÂθÒÚ‚Û˛Ú Ó ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÌËË ‡ÍÚË‚Ì˚ı ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ ÏÂÊ‰Û ·ËÓÌÚ‡ÏË. îÓÚÓ·ËÓÌÚ Ó·Î‡‰‡ÂÚ ÔËÁ͇̇ÏË, ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚ÏË ‰Îfl ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ı ÍÓÍÍÓˉÌ˚ı ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËÈ Ó‰Ó‚ Gloeocapsa Ë Chroococcidiopsis. èÓÒÍÓθÍÛ Û ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ Ì ·˚ÎÓ Ó·Ì‡ÛÊÂÌÓ Í‡ÍËı-ÎË·Ó ÂÔÓ‰ÛÍÚË‚Ì˚ı ÒÚÛÍÚÛ, ÚÓ Â„Ó ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ڇÍÒÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒÍÓ ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌË ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÓ Ì ·˚ÎÓ. Ç ÚÓ Ê ‚ÂÏfl ÓÚϘÂ̇ ·ÎËÁÓÒÚ¸ ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ Í Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎflÏ Í·ÒÒ‡ Glomeromycota. ï‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚ÏË ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓÒÚflÏË Winfrenatia fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÓÒÓ·˚ ÓÍÛ„Î˚ ӷ‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl, ËÌÚÂÔÂÚËÛÂÏ˚Â Í‡Í ˝Ì‰ÓÒÔÓ˚ Ë ÒÓ‰ËË (Taylor et al., 1997). è‰ÔÓ·„‡ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ Ò Ëı ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÎflÎÓÒ¸ ‡ÁÏÌÓÊÂÌË Î˯‡ÈÌË͇. ì͇Á‡Ì̇fl ̇ıӉ͇ fl‚Îfl·Ҹ ‰Ó ÒËı ÔÓ ‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ ‰ÓÒÚÓ‚ÂÌÓÈ „ËÒÚ‡ˆËÂÈ ÒËÏ·ËÓÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó Ó„‡ÌËÁχ ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓ„Ó ÚËÔ‡, „‰Â ÔÓ͇Á‡Ì‡ ÚÂÒ̇fl ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚ÂÌ̇fl Ë, Ә‚ˉÌÓ, ÙËÁËÓÎӄ˘ÂÒ͇fl Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸ ÏÂÊ‰Û „Ë·ÓÏ Ë Ô‰ÔÓÎÓÊË- ÚÂθÌÓ ÍÓÍÍÓˉÌÓÈ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËÂÈ. éÚ΢ËÂÏ ‰Â‚ÓÌÒÍÓ„Ó Î˯‡ÈÌË͇ ÓÚ ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ı ÙÓÏ ˆË‡ÌÓÎ˯‡ÈÌËÍÓ‚ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Î˯¸ ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚ËÂ, ÔÓ ÏÌÂÌ˲ ‡‚ÚÓÓ‚ ÔÂ‚ÓÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl, ‚̯ÌÂ„Ó ÏˈÂΡθÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÍ˚ÚËfl. Ç ˆÂÎÓÏ ÒÚÓÂÌË ڇÎÎÓχ ˝ÚÓ„Ó Î˯‡ÈÌË͇ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎËÎÓ ‡‚ÚÓ‡Ï ҉·ڸ fl‰ Ó·Ó·˘ÂÌËÈ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ ˆËÍ· ‡Á‚ËÚËfl Ë Â„Ó ÊËÁÌÂÌÌÓÈ ÒÚ‡Ú„ËË (Taylor et al., 1995, 1997). åÓÊÌÓ ÓÚÏÂÚËÚ¸, ˜ÚÓ ÔË ÔÂ‚ÓÓÔËÒ‡ÌËË Î˯‡ÈÌË͇ ‡‚ÚÓ˚ ËÏÂÎË ‰ÂÎÓ Î˯¸ Ò Ù‡„ÏÂÌÚÓÏ ÒÎÓ‚ˢ‡ Ì ‚ÔÓÎÌ ۉӂÎÂÚ‚ÓËÚÂθÌÓÈ ÒÓı‡ÌÌÓÒÚË. Ç Ò‚flÁË Ò ˝ÚËÏ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú ËÌÚÂÂÒ Î˛·˚ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌ˚ ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl, ͇҇˛˘ËÂÒfl ÏÓÙÓÎÓ„ËË ˝ÚÓ„Ó ‰ÍÓ„Ó Ó„‡ÌËÁχ, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎËÎË ·˚ ÔÓ-ÌÓ‚ÓÏÛ ËÌÚÂÔÂÚËÓ‚‡Ú¸ Â„Ó ·ËÓÎӄ˲. Ä‚ÚÓ˚ ‚˚‡Ê‡˛Ú ·Î‡„Ó‰‡ÌÓÒÚ¸ Ä.ã. í‡ıÚ‡‰ÊflÌÛ (C‡ÌÍÚ-èÂÚÂ·Û„) Á‡ β·ÂÁÌÓ Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌÌÛ˛ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ËÒÒΉӂ‡Ú¸ Ó·‡Áˆ˚ ÍÂÏÌËÒÚ˚ı Ò·̈‚ ËÁ ‡ÌÌÂ„Ó ‰Â‚Ó̇ òÓÚ·̉ËË, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ä.ç. ÑÂϘÂÌÍÓ Á‡ Ôӂ‰ÂÌË ҂ÂÚÓ‚Ó„Ó ÙÓÚÓ„‡ÙËÓ‚‡ÌËfl Ó·˙ÂÍÚ‡ ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl. ꇷÓÚ‡ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂ̇ ÔË ÙË̇ÌÒÓ‚ÓÈ ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊÍ ÔÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ èÂÁˉËÛχ êÄç “èÓËÒıÓʉÂÌËÂ Ë ˝‚ÓβˆËfl ·ËÓÒÙÂ˚”. åÄíÖêàÄã à åÖíéÑõ å‡ÚÂˇÎÓÏ ‰Îfl ̇¯Â„Ó ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl ÔÓÒÎÛÊË· Ì·Óθ¯‡fl ÍÓÎÎÂ͈Ëfl ÓÍÂÏÌÂÌÌ˚ı ÙÓÒÒËÎËÈ, Á‡Íβ˜ÂÌÌ˚ı ‚ ÍÂÏÌËÒÚ˚ı Ò·̈‡ı Ë ÒÓ·‡ÌÌ˚ı ‚ 1967 „. í‡ıÚ‡‰ÊflÌÓÏ ‚ ÓÍÂÒÚÌÓÒÚflı ‰Â‚ÌË ê‡ÈÌË ·ÎËÁ „. Ä·Â‰Ë̇ ‚ òÓÚ·̉ËË. Ç ˝ÚÓÈ ÍÓÎÎÂ͈ËË ÒÓ‰ÂʇÚÒfl ÚË ÍÛÔÌ˚ı Ó·‡Áˆ‡ ÍÂÏÌËÒÚ˚ı Ò·̈‚, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ı‡ÌflÚÒfl ‚ ㇷÓ‡ÚÓËË Ô‡ÎÂÓ·ÓÚ‡ÌËÍË ÅÓÚ‡Ì˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚ‡ êÄç ‚ ë‡ÌÍÚ èÂÚÂ·Û„ ÔÓ‰ ‹‹ 1166/1/3. é·‡Áˆ˚ ·˚ÎË ÔÂ‰‡Ì˚ ç.ë. ëÌË„Ë‚ÒÍÓÈ ‰Îfl ËÁÛ˜ÂÌËfl ‰Â‚ÓÌÒÍËı ËÌËÓÙËÚÓ‚. àÁ Ó·‡ÁˆÓ‚ ·˚ÎË ÔË„ÓÚÓ‚ÎÂÌ˚ ¯ÎËÙ˚ ÚÓ΢ËÌÓÈ ÓÚ 40 ‰Ó 100 ÏÍÏ. ç‡Ë·ÓΠıÓÓ¯Ó ÒÓı‡ÌË‚¯ËÂÒfl ÓÒÚ‡ÚÍË ‚ËÌÙÂ̇ÚËË, ̇ıÓ‰fl˘ËÂÒfl ̇ ‡ÁÌ˚ı ÒÚ‡‰Ëflı ÓÌÚÓ„ÂÌÂÁ‡, ӷ̇ÛÊÂÌ˚ ‚ ‰‚Ûı ÔÂÔ‡‡Ú‡ı – ‹ 1166/1/3–1 Ë ‹ 1166/1/3–6, fl‚Îfl˛˘ËıÒfl ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊÂÌËÂÏ Ó‰ËÌ ‰Û„Ó„Ó. ùÚË ÔÂÔ‡‡Ú˚ ·˚ÎË ÔÓ‰‚Â„ÌÛÚ˚ ‰ÂڇθÌÓÏÛ ËÒÒΉӂ‡Ì˲. é·˘‡fl ‰ÎË̇ ÒÂÁ‡ Ò„ÏÂÌÚ‡ ÒÎÓ‚ˢ‡, ‚Íβ˜‡fl Ó·‡ Ù‡„ÏÂÌÚ‡, ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ 12 ÏÏ. ëÂÁ˚ ҉·Ì˚ ‚ Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÔÎÓÒÍÓÒÚË, ÔÓ‰ÓθÌÓÈ ‚ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËË ÒÎÓ‚ˢ‡. éÌË ‰ÂÏÓÌÒÚËÛ˛Ú ÏÌÓ„Ó˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ „·ÌË Ë Û„ÎÛ·ÎÂÌËfl, ˜ËÒÎÓ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı Ó͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ‡ÁÌ˚Ï Ì‡ ‡Á΢Ì˚ı ÛÓ‚Ìflı ÒÂÁ‡. Ç ÔÂÔ‡‡Ú ‹ 1166/1/3–1 ̇ ÒÂÁ Ó͇Á‡ÎÓÒ¸ 27, ‡ ‚ ÔÂÔ‡‡Ú ‹ 1166/1/3–6 – 11 „·ÌÂÈ. é‰Ì‡ÍÓ ‚Ò ÓÌË fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ˜‡ÒÚflÏË Â‰ËÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ‚ˢ‡, ·ÓΠÚÓÌÍÓ„Ó ÔÓ Í‡flÏ Ë Ò Ì‡Ë·ÓΠ‚˚ÒÓÍËÏË „·ÌflÏË ‚ ˆÂÌÚ ڇÎÎÓχ, „‰Â Ëı ‚˚ÒÓÚ‡ ‰ÓÒÚË„‡ÂÚ 1.5 ÏÏ. ç‡ ÔÂËÙÂËË, ÔÓ Í‡˛ Ú‡ÎÎÓχ (ÔÂÔ‡‡Ú ‹ 1166/1/3–1) Â„Ó ÚÓ΢Ë̇ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ 1 ÏÏ. èÄãÖéçíéãéÉàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã      ‹ 1      2009 WINFRENATIA RETICULATA – ÑêÖÇçÖâòàâ çÄáÖåçõâ ãàòÄâçàä 3 ç‡ ÔÂÔ‡‡Ú ‹ 1166/1/3–6, „‰Â Í‡È Ú‡ÎÎÓχ Ì ÒÓı‡ÌËÎÒfl, ÚÓ΢Ë̇ ÔÓÒΉÌÂ„Ó ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ 1.3 ÏÏ. êÖáìãúíÄíõ Ç ˆÂÎÓÏ Ì‡ ̇¯Ëı ÔÂÔ‡‡Ú‡ı ÏÓÙÓÎÓ„Ëfl ÒÎÓ‚ˢ‡ Winfrenatia reticulata, Ú‡Í ÊÂ, Í‡Í Ë ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ ‰ÂÚ‡ÎË ÙÓÚÓ- Ë ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚÓ‚, ‚Ó ÏÌÓ„ÓÏ ‡Ì‡Îӄ˘̇ Ú‡ÍÓ‚ÓÈ, ÓÔËÒ‡ÌÌÓÈ ‡Ì (Taylor et al., 1995, 1997). é‰Ì‡ÍÓ ‰ÓÒÚÛÔÌ˚È Ì‡Ï Ï‡ÚÂˇΠÔÓÁ‚ÓÎËÎ ‚˚fl‚ËÚ¸ ÌÓ‚˚ ‰ÂÚ‡ÎË ÒÚÓÂÌËfl ÒÎÓ‚ˢ‡ Î˯‡ÈÌË͇ ·Î‡„Ó‰‡fl Â„Ó Ó˜Â̸ ıÓÓ¯ÂÈ ÒÓı‡ÌÌÓÒÚË Ë Û‰‡˜ÌÓ Ôӯ‰¯ÂÏÛ ÒÂÁÛ. ëÍ·‰˜‡Ú‡fl ÔÓ‚ÂıÌÓÒÚ¸ Winfrenatia reticulata Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì‡ ˜ÂÂ‰Û˛˘ËÏËÒfl „·ÌflÏË Ë Û„ÎÛ·ÎÂÌËflÏË (͇ÏÂ‡ÏË). íÂÏÌÓÓÍ‡¯ÂÌÌ˚ „·ÌË, ‚‡¸ËÛ˛˘Ë ÔÓ ÙÓÏÂ Ë ‡ÁÏÂ‡Ï, Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú ÒÓ·Ó˛ ·ÓÍÓ‚˚ ÒÚÂÌÍË Í‡ÏÂ, ‚ ÌËÊÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‡ÒÔÓ·„‡˛ÚÒfl ÍÓÍÍÓˉÌ˚ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËË Ë „ËÙ˚ ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ (ËÒ. 1, ‡, ·). É·ÌË ‚‡¸ËÛ˛Ú ÔÓ ÙÓÏÂ Ë ‡ÁÏÂ‡Ï, ‰ÓÒÚË„‡fl 1.5 ÏÏ ‚ ‚˚ÒÓÚÛ, Ó„‡Ì˘ÂÌÌ˚ „·ÌflÏË Í‡ÏÂ˚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú 25–30 ÏÍÏ ‚ ‰Ë‡ÏÂÚÂ. îÓÚÓ·ËÓÌÚ˚. ëÚÂÌÍË Í‡ÏÂ, ËÎË „·ÌË, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì˚ ‚ÂÚË͇θÌÓ ‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌÌ˚ÏË Ë ÚÂÒÌÓ ÒʇÚ˚ÏË ÌËÚ‚ˉÌ˚ÏË ÒÚÛÍÚÛ‡ÏË, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â, ÔÓ ÏÌÂÌ˲ íÂÈÎÓ‡ Ò ÒÓ‡‚ÚÓ‡ÏË, fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ˆÂÌÓˆËÚÌ˚ÏË „ËÙ‡ÏË ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ (Taylor et al., 1995, 1997). èÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ „ËÙ˚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÛ˛ χÒÒÛ ÒÎÓ‚ˢ‡. ì ·Óθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚‡ Ú‡ÍËı ÌËÚ‚ˉÌ˚ı ÒÚÛÍÚÛ ÒÓ‰ÂÊËÏÓ ‚ ÍÎÂÚ͇ı ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ. é‰Ì‡ÍÓ Ì‡Ï ÒÂ‰Ë Ëı ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÈ Ï‡ÒÒ˚ Û‰‡ÎÓÒ¸ ӷ̇ÛÊËÚ¸ ‰Ó‚ÓθÌÓ ıÓÓ¯ÂÈ ÒÓı‡ÌÌÓÒÚË Ó‰ÌÓfl‰Ì˚ Ì‚ÂÚ‚fl˘ËÂÒfl ÚËıÓÏ˚ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËË, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘Ë ËÁ 50 Ë, ÔÓ-‚ˉËÏÓÏÛ, ·ÓΠÍÎÂÚÓÍ (ËÒ. 1, ‚, „, Ú‡·Î. XV, ÙË„. 2, 3, ÒÏ. ‚ÍÎÂÈÍÛ). ÇˉËχfl ‰ÎË̇ ÚËıÓÏ Ì‡ ÒÂÁ‡ı ‰ÓÒÚË„‡ÂÚ 100 ÏÍÏ, ‡ ¯ËË̇ ÍÎÂÚÓÍ – 12–14 ÏÍÏ. íËıÓÏ˚ ‚ ÒÚÂÌ͇ı ͇ÏÂ ‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌ˚ ÔÓ˜ÚË Ô‡‡ÎÎÂθÌÓ ‰Û„ ‰Û„Û, Ò··Ó ËÁ„Ë·‡flÒ¸, ÔË ˝ÚÓÏ ¯ËË̇ ÚËıÓÏÓ‚ ÓÒÚ‡ÂÚÒfl Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚ÓÈ Ì‡ ‚ÒÂÏ Ëı ÔÓÚflÊÂÌËË. Ç ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ı ÚËıÓχı ‡Á΢ËÏ˚ „ÂÚÂÓˆËÒÚ˚, ‡ÒÔÓ·„‡˛˘ËÂÒfl Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ‚ ˆÂÌÚ ÚËıÓχ (Ú‡·Î. XVI, ÙË„. 2). íËıÓÏ˚ ÓÍÛÊÂÌ˚ ÒÎËÁËÒÚ˚ÏË ‚·„‡Îˢ‡ÏË, ÔÓ Ó‰ÌÓÏÛ ÚËıÓÏÛ ‚ ͇ʉÓÏ ËÁ ÌËı. é·Ì‡ÛÊÂÌË ÚËıÓÏÓ‚ Ò „ÂÚÂÓˆËÒÚ‡ÏË ÔË‚ÂÎÓ Ì‡Ò Í Á‡Íβ˜ÂÌ˲, ˜ÚÓ ÌËÚ‚ˉÌ˚ ÒÚÛÍÚÛ˚, ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛˘Ë ·ÓÍÓ‚˚ ÒÚÂÌÍË ÒÔÓÓ‚ÏÂÒÚËÎˢ, ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡‚¯ËÂÒfl ÔÂÊ‰Â Í‡Í ÏˈÂΡθÌ˚ ÒÚÛÍÚÛ˚, fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl, ÔÓ-ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û, ÓÔÛÒÚ‚¯ËÏË Ë ÚÂÒÌÓ ÒʇÚ˚ÏË ‚·„‡Îˢ‡ÏË ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËË. Ç·„‡Îˢ‡ ÓÍÓÎÓ 11–13 ÏÍÏ ÚÓ΢ËÌÓÈ ÌÂÒÛÚ fl‚Ì˚ ÔËÁ̇ÍË ÓÒÎËÁÌÂÌËfl Ë ËÏÂ˛Ú ‰ÍË ÍÓÒ˚ ÔÓÔÂ˜Ì˚ ÔÂ„ÓÓ‰ÍË. èÓ Ò‚ÓÂÏÛ ÒÚÓÂÌ˲ ÓÌË ‡Ì‡Îӄ˘Ì˚ ÒÚÛÍÚÛ‡Ï ÌËÚ˜‡Ú˚ı ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËÈ, Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚Ï ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚Ï Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎflÏ ÔÓfl‰Í‡ Nostocales. çËÚ˜‡Ú‡fl ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËfl Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ÒÓ·ÓÈ, ÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓ, ÚÂÚËÈ ÍÓÏÔÓÌÂÌÚ, ̇fl‰Û Ò èÄãÖéçíéãéÉàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã      ‹ 1      2009 Ó‰ÌÓÍÎÂÚÓ˜ÌÓÈ ÍÓÍÍÓˉÌÓÈ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËÂÈ Ë ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚÓÏ. í‡ÍËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ, ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÛ˛ χÒÒÛ Ú‡ÎÎÓχ Winfrenatia reticulata Ó·‡ÁÛ˛Ú Ì „ËÙ˚ ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡, ‡ Î˯ÂÌÌ˚ ÒÓ‰ÂÊËÏÓ„Ó ‚·„‡Îˢ‡ ÌËÚ˜‡ÚÓÈ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËË, ̇ıÓ‰fl˘ËÂÒfl ‚ ÒʇÚÓÏ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËË. ì Ù‡„ÏÂÌÚ‡ ‚ËÌÙÂ̇ÚËË Ì‡ ÔÂÔ‡‡Ú ‹ 1166/1/3–6 ̇‰ ÒÎÓ‚ˢÂÏ ËÏÂÂÚÒfl ıÓÓ¯Ó ‚˚‡ÊÂÌÌÓ ӷ˘Â ̇ÛÊÌÓ ÔÓÍ˚ÚËÂ, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘Â ËÁ ÔÛÒÚ˚ı ‚·„‡Îˢ Ë ÚËıÓÏ ÌËÚ˜‡ÚÓÈ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËË, Á‡˘Ë˘‡˛˘Â ͇ÏÂ˚ Ò ÍÎÂÚ͇ÏË ÍÓÍÍÓˉӂ. ç‡ ÔÂÔ‡‡Ú ÓÌË ËÏÂ˛Ú ‚ˉ ÚÓÌÍËı „ÓËÁÓÌڇθÌÓ ‚˚ÚflÌÛÚ˚ı ÌËÚÂÈ Ò ‰ÍËÏË ÍÓÒ˚ÏË ÔÓÔÂ˜Ì˚ÏË ÔÂ„ÓӉ͇ÏË (Ú‡·Î. XVI, ÙË„. 4). äÎÂÚÍË ÍÓÍÍÓˉÌÓ„Ó ÙÓÚÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ ӷ·‰‡˛Ú ÏÓÙÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍËÏË ÔËÁ͇̇ÏË, ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚ÏË ‰Îfl ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ı ÍÓÍÍÓˉÌ˚ı ÙÓÏ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËÈ ËÁ ÔÓfl‰Í‡ Nostocales. éÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ ÍÎÂÚÍË ÙÓÚÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ ‚‡¸ËÛ˛Ú ‚ Ô‰Â·ı 10–16 ÏÍÏ ‚ ‰Ë‡ÏÂÚÂ. ÅÓΠÏÂÎÍË ÍÎÂÚÍË ÍÓÍÍÓˉÌÓÈ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËË ‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌ˚ ‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËË Í‡ÏÂ, „‰Â ÓÌË ÔÓ‰‚ÂÊÂÌ˚ ·ÓΠ‡ÍÚË‚ÌÓÏÛ ‚ÓÁ‰ÂÈÒڂ˲ ÒÓ ÒÚÓÓÌ˚ ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ (Ú‡·Î. XV, ÙË„. 3–7, ÒÏ. ‚ÍÎÂÈÍÛ). éÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ ÍÓÍÍÓˉ˚ ÓÍÛÊÂÌ˚ ıÓÓ¯Ó ‡Á΢ËÏ˚ÏË Ò‚ÂÚÎ˚ÏË ÒÎËÁËÒÚ˚ÏË Ó·ÓÎӘ͇ÏË 2–4 ÏÍÏ ‚ ‰Ë‡ÏÂÚÂ, ÍÓÚÓ˚ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú ÒÓ·ÓÈ Ì‡ÛÊÌ˚ ÒÎÓË Ëı ÍÎÂÚÓ˜Ì˚ı ÒÚÂÌÓÍ. í‡ÍË ӷÓÎÓ˜ÍË ÏÓÙÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍË ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛Ú „ÂÎÂÓ·‡ÁÌ˚Ï ËÎË ÏÛÍÓˉÌ˚Ï Ó·ÓÎÓ˜Í‡Ï ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ı ÍÓÍÍÓˉÌ˚ı ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËÈ. ç‡ ÌÂÍÓÚÓÓÏ ‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËË ÓÚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓ„Ó Ï‡ÚËÍÒ‡ ÒÎÓ‚ˢ‡ ‡Á΢ËÏ˚ Ó·ÓÎÓ˜ÍË ÔÛÒÚ˚ı, Î˯ÂÌÌ˚ı ˆËÚÓÔ·ÁÏ˚, ÍÓÍÍÓˉӂ (Ú‡·Î. XV, ÙË„. 6). ä‡Í ÔÓ·„‡˛Ú í.ç. íÂÈÎÓ Ò ÒÓ‡‚ÚÓ‡ÏË (Taylor et al., 1997), ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ ÒÚÛÍÚÛ˚, ÔÓ-‚ˉËÏÓÏÛ, Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú ÒÓ·ÓÈ ÓÒÚ‡ÚÍË ÍÎÂÚÓÍ ÍÓÍÍÓˉӂ, ËÁ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‡Ì ÔÓËÁÓ¯ÎÓ ‚˚Ò‚Ó·ÓʉÂÌË ˝Ì‰ÓÒÔÓ. Ä̇Îӄ˘Ì˚ ÒÚÛÍÚÛ˚ ̇·Î˛‰‡˛ÚÒfl Ë Û ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ı ÍÓÍÍÓˉÌ˚ı ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËÈ; ‡ÒÔÓ·„‡˛ÚÒfl ÓÌË Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ÔÓ ÔÂËÙÂËË ÒÎÓ‚ˢ‡ (Tschermak-Woess, 1988). é·ÓÎÓ˜ÍË Ú‡ÍËı ÍÎÂÚÓÍ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ‡ÒÒÓˆËËÓ‚‡Ì˚ ‚ Ô‡˚ (Ú‡·Î. XVI, ÙË„. 8). çÂ‰ÍÓ Ì‡ ÔÓÎ˛Ò‡ı ÍÎÂÚÓÍ ‡Á΢ËÏ˚ ÒÍÓÔÎÂÌËfl ÚÂÏÌÓÓÍ‡¯ÂÌÌ˚ı ÏËÍÓÒÚÛÍÚÛ ÌÂflÒÌÓ„Ó ÔÓËÒıÓʉÂÌËfl (Ú‡·Î. XVI, ÙË„. 7). ÇÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ, ˝ÚÓ ÒÍÓÔÎÂÌËfl ‚ÚÓ˘Ì˚ı ÏÂÚ‡·ÓÎËÚÓ‚ ËÎË Ó„‡Ì˘ÂÒÍËı ÓÒÚ‡ÚÍÓ‚, Ó·‡ÁÛ˛˘ËıÒfl ‚ ÔÓˆÂÒÒ ‰ËÙÙÂÂ̈ˇˆËË Ë ÒÚ‡ÂÌËfl ÍÎÂÚÓÍ. åËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ. ÉË·Ì˚ „ËÙ˚ ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ ıÓÓ¯Ó ‡Á΢ËÏ˚ ‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËË ÒÎÓ‚ˢ‡, ‚ ÌËÊÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË Í‡ÏÂ, „‰Â ÓÌË Ó·ËθÌ ̇‡ÒÚ‡˛Ú ‚·ÎËÁË Ëı ÒÚÂÌÓÍ. èÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ „ËÙ˚ Î˯ÂÌ˚ ÒÂÔÚ Ë ‚‡¸ËÛ˛Ú ÔÓ ÚÓ΢ËÌ 1–4 ÏÍÏ ‚ ‰Ë‡ÏÂÚÂ. Ç ·‡Á‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË Í‡ÏÂ „ËÙ˚ ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡Ìfl˛ÚÒfl ÏÂÊ‰Û ÍÎÂÚ͇ÏË ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËË ËÎË ÓÍÛʇ˛Ú Ó‰ÌÛ, ‰‚ ËÎË ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÍÎÂÚÓÍ ÍÓÍÍÓˉӂ (Ú‡·Î. XV, ÙË„. 4, 5). é‰Ì‡ÍÓ ‚ÒÚ˜‡˛ÚÒfl Û˜‡ÒÚÍË, ‚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÍÓÔÎÂÌËfl „ËÙ ÓÍÛʇ˛Ú Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË Í‡Ê‰Û˛ ÍÎÂÚÍÛ ÍÓÍÍÓˉӂ, ÍÓÌÚ‡ÍÚËÛfl Ò Ëı ÍÎÂÚÓ˜- 4 ä‡‡Ú˚„ËÌ Ë ‰. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‡ ͈· 500 ÏÍÏ · 200 ÏÍÏ Ìˆ· „٠̈· „Ù „٠͈· „Ù „Ù ‚ 50 ÏÍÏ „ 10 ÏÍÏ êËÒ. 1. ëÎÓ‚ˢ Î˯‡ÈÌË͇ Winfrenatia reticulata Ë Â„Ó ÍÓÏÔÓÌÂÌÚ˚: ‡, · – ÔÂÔ‡‡Ú Åàç êÄç, ‹ 1166/1/3–6, ÔÓÔÂ˜Ì˚È ÒÂÁ ÒÎÓ‚ˢ‡ Î˯‡ÈÌË͇, ÚÂÏÌ˚ „·ÌË (É), ‚Ô‡‰ËÌ˚ (Ç) – Ò‚ÂÚÎ˚ ۘ‡ÒÚÍË ÏÂÊ‰Û „·ÌflÏË, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘Ë ËÁ „ËÙ („Ù) ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ Ë ÍÓÍÍÓˉÌ˚ı ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËÈ (͈·); ‚ – ÔÂÔ‡‡Ú Åàç êÄç, ‹ 1166/1/3–6, ‡ÍÚË‚Ì˚ „ËÙ˚ ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ ÒÂ‰Ë ÍÓÍÍÓˉÌ˚ı ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËÈ; „ – ÚËıÓχ ÌËÚ˜‡ÚÓÈ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËË (̈·). å‡Ò¯Ú‡·Ì‡fl ÎËÌÂÈ͇: ‡ – 500 ÏÍÏ, · – 200 ÏÍÏ, ‚ – 50 ÏÍÏ, „ – 10 ÏÍÏ. èÄãÖéçíéãéÉàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã      ‹ 1      2009 WINFRENATIA RETICULATA – ÑêÖÇçÖâòàâ çÄáÖåçõâ ãàòÄâçàä 5 Ì˚ÏË ÒÚÂÌ͇ÏË (Ú‡·Î. XV, ÙË„. 5–7). ç‡Î˘Ë ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ÍÓÌÚ‡ÍÚÓ‚ ҂ˉÂÚÂθÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Ó ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÌËË ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ı ·ËÓÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ÏË. ÅÎËÊÂ Í ˆÂÌÚÛ Í‡ÏÂ ÒÍÓÔÎÂÌËfl „ËÙ ÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚flÚÒfl ·ÓΠ‰ÍËÏË. á‰ÂÒ¸ Ó·˚˜ÌÓ Ó·Ì‡ÛÊË‚‡˛ÚÒfl Î˯¸ ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ „ËÙ˚, ‡ÒÚÛ˘Ë ÓÚ‰ÂθÌÓ ÓÚ ÍÎÂÚÓÍ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËË. Ç ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË Í‡ÏÂ „ËÙ˚ Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ËÎË ‚ÒÚ˜‡˛ÚÒfl Í‡ÈÌ ‰ÍÓ. äÓÌÚ‡ÍÚ˚ „ËÙ ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ Ò ÌËÚ˜‡ÚÓÈ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËÂÈ ‰ÍË (Ú‡·Î. XV, ÙË„. 2). éÅëìÜÑÖçàÖ í‡ÍÒÓÌÓÏ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÔË̇‰ÎÂÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ Ì ·˚· ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂ̇. ÇÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ÚÂÏ, ̇΢ˠˆÂÌÓˆËÚÌ˚ı „ËÙ Ë ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËı ÚÓÎÒÚÓÒÚÂÌÌ˚ı ÒÍÛθÔÚÛËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ı ÒÔÓ (Ú‡·Î. XVI, ÙË„. 5), Ò‚flÁ‡ÌÌ˚ı Ò ÏˈÂΡθÌ˚ÏË Ï‡Ú‡ÏË, Á‡ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ Ô‰ÔÓÎÓÊËÚ¸ (Taylor et al., 2004b), ˜ÚÓ „Ë· ËÏÂÂÚ Ó‰ÒÚ‚Ó Ò „ÎÓÏÂÛÎÓÏˈÂÚ‡ÏË, ‚ ˜‡ÒÚÌÓÒÚË ËÏÂÂÚ ÒıÓ‰ÒÚ‚Ó Ò Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎflÏË Ó‰‡ Glomites. éÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓÒÚË ÒÚÓÂÌËfl ÒÎÓ‚ˢ‡ ‚ËÌÙÂ̇ÚËË, ÓÔËÒ‡ÌÌ˚ ‡‚ÚÓ‡ÏË Ó‰‡ (Taylor et al., 1995, 1997) Ë ‰ÓÔÓÎÌÂÌÌ˚ ÌÓ‚˚ÏË Ì‡·Î˛‰ÂÌËflÏË, ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎfl˛Ú Ô‰ÔÓ·„‡Ú¸, ˜ÚÓ Winfrenatia reticulata Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ÒÓ·ÓÈ ‰‚ÌÂÈ¯Û˛ ‰Â‚ÓÌÒÍÛ˛ ÏÓ‰Âθ ÒËÏ·ËÓÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ‡ÒÒӈˇˆËÈ ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ Ò ‰‚ÛÏfl ‚ˉ‡ÏË ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËÈ (ëÌË„Ë‚Ò͇fl Ë ‰., 2005). çËÚ˜‡Ú˚ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËË, ‚ÓÁÌËͯË ‚ Ò‡ÏÓÏ ‡ÌÌÂÏ ‰ÓÍÂÏ·ËË, ÏÓ„ÎË ·˚Ú¸ ÔÂ‚˚ÏË ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇθÌ˚ÏË ÙÓÚÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ÏË, ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰fl˘ËÏË ‰Îfl ÓÒ‚ÓÂÌËfl Ëı ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ÏË (Walsh, Lowe, 1985; Xunlai, 2005). åÓÎÂÍÛÎfl̇fl ÙËÎÓ„ÂÌËfl ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËÈ, ‰ÓÔÓÎÌÂÌ̇fl Ô‡ÎÂÓ·ÓÚ‡Ì˘ÂÒÍËÏË Ì‡ıӉ͇ÏË, ÔÓ‰Ú‚Âʉ‡ÂÚ ‰‚ÌÓÒÚ¸ ˝ÚÓÈ „ÛÔÔ˚ Ë ÒÚ‡·ËθÌÓÒÚË ÔÓ͇ËÓÚÓ‚ ‚ Ú˜ÂÌË ÚÂı Ë ·ÓΠÏÎ‰. ÎÂÚ (Knoll, 1992; Golubic, Lee, 1999; Schopf, 1999; äÓÒÚfl‚, 2001). àϲÚÒfl ҂ˉÂÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ ËÏÂÌÌÓ ÌËÚ˜‡Ú˚ ÙÓÏ˚ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËÈ ‰ÓÏËÌËÓ‚‡ÎË ‚ ‡ÌÌÂÏ ‰ÓÍÂÏ·ËË (ëÂ„‚, 1992; Schopf, 2000). àÁ ÌËÚ˜‡Ú˚ı Ë ÍÓÍÍÓˉÌ˚ı ÙÓÏ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËÈ ËÁ ‰Â‚ÓÌÒÍËı ÍÂÏÌËÒÚ˚ı Ò·̈‚ ê‡ÈÌË ‡Ì ӷ̇ÛÊË‚‡ÎËÒ¸ Ë ·˚ÎË ÓÔËÒ‡Ì˚ Í‡Í Rhyniella vermiformis, Langiella scourfeldii, Kidstoniella fritschii, Archaeothrix contexta, A. oscillatoriformis (Croft, George, 1958; Edwards, Lyon, 1983). èÓ fl‰Û ÏÓÙÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍËı ÔËÁ̇ÍÓ‚ ÌËÚ˜‡Ú‡fl ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËfl ‚ Ú‡ÎÎÓÏ Î˯‡ÈÌË͇ ̇˷ÓΠ·ÎËÁ͇ Ó‰Û Archaeothrix. àÁ ˝ÚËı ÓÚÎÓÊÂÌËÈ ÓÔËÒ‡Ì˚ Ú‡ÍÊ ÌËÚ˜‡Ú˚ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËË ËÁ ÔÓfl‰Í‡ Oscillatoriales, ÙÓÏËÛ˛˘Ë ÒÚÛÍÚÛËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ ÍÓÎÓÌËË, ‡ÒÚÛ˘Ë ̇ ÓÒ‡‰Í‡ı Ë ÔÓ„ÛÊÂÌÌ˚ı ‚ ‚Ó‰Û ˜‡ÒÚflı ‡ÒÚÂÌËÈ (Krings et al., 2007). èÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ ÍÓÎÓÌËË Ó·‡ÁÛ˛Ú ÔÎÓÒÍË χÚ˚, ÚflÊË, ‚ÂÂÓÓ·‡ÁÌ˚ ÔÛ˜ÍË ËÎË ÔÓÎÛÒÙÂ˘ÂÒÍË ÒÍÓÔÎÂÌËfl. ÇÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ, èÄãÖéçíéãéÉàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã      ‹ 1      2009 ˜ÚÓ Ï‡Ú˚ Ú‡ÍËı ÌËÚ˜‡Ú˚ı ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËÈ ‚ ÔÓˆÂÒÒ ÍÓÎÓÌˇθÌÓ„Ó ÒÔÓÒÓ·‡ ÓÒÚ‡ ÏÓ„ÎË ‚ÒÚÛÔ‡Ú¸ ‚Ó ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ Ò „Ë·Ì˚ÏË „ËÙ‡ÏË, Ó·‡ÁÛfl ÔÂ‚˘Ì˚ ÔËÏËÚË‚Ì˚ Î˯‡ÈÌËÍÓÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ ‡ÒÒӈˇˆËË. éÒÎËÁÌÂÌÌ˚ ÌËÚ˜‡Ú˚ ‚·„‡Îˢ‡, Ó·‡ÁÛ˛˘Ë ÒÚÂÌÍË ‚ÏÂÒÚËÎˢ ÍÓÍÍÓˉÌ˚ı ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËÈ, ÔÓ-‚ˉËÏÓÏÛ, Ë„‡ÎË ‚‡ÊÌÂÈ¯Û˛ Óθ ‚ Á‡˘ËÚ ˝ÚËı ‡ÒÒӈˇˆËÈ ÓÚ ‚˚Ò˚ı‡ÌËfl ‚Ó ‚ÂÏfl ÔÂËӉ˘ÂÒÍËı Á‡ÒÛı Ë ÚÂÏÔÂ‡ÚÛÌ˚ı ÒÚÂÒÒÓ‚, „ÛÎflÌÓ ËÏ‚¯Ëı ÏÂÒÚÓ Ì‡ ÚÂËÚÓËË ‡Á‚ËÚËfl ‡ÈÌË‚ÓÈ ÙÎÓ˚ (Rice et al., 2002; Anderson, Trewin, 2003; Trewin et al., 2003). ä ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏÛ ‚ÂÏÂÌË ÓÔËÒ‡ÌÓ ÓÍÓÎÓ 500 ˆÂÌÚÌ˚ı ‚ˉӂ ÚÂı˜ÎÂÌÌ˚ı Î˯‡ÈÌËÍÓ‚, ÒÓ‰Âʇ˘Ëı ‰‚‡ ÙÓÚÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ Ë Ó‰ËÌ ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ. Ç ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ Ú‡ÍËı Î˯‡ÈÌËÍÓ‚ ‚ıÓ‰flÚ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËË, ÁÂÎÂÌ˚ ‚Ó‰ÓÓÒÎË Ë ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ˚ (James, Henssen, 1976). é‰Ì‡ÍÓ ÒÂ‰Ë ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ı Î˯‡ÈÌËÍÓ‚ ‡Ì‡ÎÓ„‡ Winfrenatia reticulata ÌÂÚ. éÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚Û˛Ú Ú‡ÍÊ Î˯‡ÈÌËÍË, Û ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ ‚˚ÒÚÛԇΠ·˚ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂθ Glomeromycota. Ç ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÏ˚ÒΠW. reticulata fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÛÌË͇θÌÓÈ ÒËÏ·ËÓÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ‡ÒÒӈˇˆËÂÈ ÏÂÊ‰Û ‰‚ÛÏfl ÙÓÚÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ÏË, Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌÌ˚ÏË ‰‚ÛÏfl ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËflÏË, Ë Ó‰ÌËÏ ˝Ì‰Ó·ËÓÌÚÌ˚Ï „Ë·ÓÏ. èË ˝ÚÓÏ Ú‡ÎÎÓÏ Ó„‡ÌËÁχ Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì ÓÚÏÂ¯ËÏË Ë ÊË‚˚ÏË ÌËÚ˜‡Ú˚ÏË ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËflÏË. Ç˚Ò͇Á˚‚‡ÎÓÒ¸ Ì Î˯ÂÌÌÓ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËÈ Ô‰ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËÂ, ˜ÚÓ W. reticulata – Ì ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ËÈ ˆË‡ÌÓÎ˯‡ÈÌËÍ, ‡ cÍÓ ÌÂÒÚ‡·Ëθ̇fl ‡ÒÒӈˇˆËfl, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ „Ë· Ô‡‡ÁËÚËÛÂÚ Ì‡ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂˇθÌÓÈ ÍÓÎÓÌËË (Poinar et al., 2000). Ç ÎËıÂÌÓÎÓ„ËË ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÎÓ ¯ËÓÍÓ ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌË ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌË Î˯‡ÈÌË͇ Í‡Í “ÒÚ‡·ËθÌÓÈ, Ò‡ÏÓ‚ÓÒÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰fl˘ÂÈÒfl ‡ÒÒӈˇˆËË ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ Ë ÙÓÚÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ˝ÍÁÓ·ËÓÌÚÓÏ” (Hawksworth, 1988, p. 17). ÑÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ, ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â Winfrenatia reticulata, Û ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ÒÎÓ‚ˢ ÒÙÓÏËÓ‚‡ÌÓ Ì ÏˈÂÎËÂÏ, ‡ ÌËÚ˜‡ÚÓÈ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËÂÈ, Ì ÏÓÊÂÚ ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â Ó„‡ÌËÁχ Î˯‡ÈÌËÍÓ‚ÓÈ ÔËÓ‰˚. é‰Ì‡ÍÓ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Ú‡ÍÊ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌË Î˯‡ÈÌË͇ Í‡Í Î˛·ÓÈ ‡ÒÒӈˇˆËË ÏÂÊ‰Û ÏËÍÓ- Ë ÙÓÚÓ·ËÓÌÚÓÏ, ÔË‚Ó‰fl˘ÂÈ Í Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì˲ ÒÚ‡·ËθÌÓ„Ó Ú‡ÎÎÓχ (Ahmadjian, 1982, 1993). èÓ‰Ó·ÌÓ ‡Ò¯ËÂÌÌÓ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌË ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎflÂÚ ËÏÂÌÓ‚‡Ú¸ Î˯‡ÈÌË͇ÏË ‰Ó‚ÓθÌÓ Ó·¯ËÌ˚È ÒÔÂÍÚ ‡ÒÒӈˇˆËÈ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÙÓÚÓ- Ë ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ÏË, Ëϲ˘Ëı ıÓÓ¯Ó ‡Á‚ËÚÓ ÒÎÓ‚ˢÂ. ë ˝ÚÓÈ ÚÓ˜ÍË ÁÂÌËfl W. reticulata ÏÓÊÂÚ ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â Ò‚ÓÂÓ·‡ÁÌÓ„Ó ÔËÏËÚË‚ÌÓ„Ó Î˯‡ÈÌË͇. åÓÊÌÓ Ô‰ÔÓÎÓÊËÚ¸, ˜ÚÓ Ì‡ÁÂÏÌ˚ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂˇθÌ˚ χÚ˚, Á‡ÒÂÎfl‚¯Ë ÔÓ‚ÂıÌÓÒÚ¸ ÒÛ¯Ë, ÎË·Ó ‚ÒÍÓ ËÌÙˈËÓ‚‡ÎËÒ¸ „Ë·‡ÏË, ÎË·Ó ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌflÎËÒ¸ ÔÓ Òۯ ‚ÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚÓÏ. ÇÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ, ‚ÔÓÒΉÒÚ‚ËË ËÁ ÌËı ÒÙÓÏËÓ‚‡ÎËÒ¸ 6 ä‡‡Ú˚„ËÌ Ë ‰. Hawksworth D.L. Co-evolution and the detection of ancestry in lichens // J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 1982. V. 52. P. 323–329. Hawksworth D.L. The variety of fungal-algal symbioses, their evolutionary significance, and the nature of lichens // Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 1988. V. 96. P. 3–20. Jahren A.H., Porter S., Kuglitsch J.J. Lichen metabolism identitified in Early Devonian terrestrial organisms // Geology. 2003. V. 31. P. 99–102. James P.W., Henssen A. The morphological and taxonomical significance of cephalodia / Ed. Brown D.H., Hawksworth D.L., Bailey R.H. Lichenology: progress and problems. L., N. Y.: Acad. Press, 1976. P. 27–77. Knoll A.H. The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective // Science. 1992. V. 256. ‹ 5057. P. 622–627. Krings M., Kerp H., Hass H. et al. A filamentous cyanobacterium showing structured colonial growth from the Early Devonian Rhynie chert // Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 2007. V. 146. ‹ 1–4. P. 265–276. Lutzoni F., Pagel M., Reeb V. Major fungal lineages are derived from lichen symbiotic ancestors // Nature. 2001. V. 411. ‹ 6840. P. 937–940. Palmqvist K., Campbell D., Ekblad A., Johansson H. Photosynthetic capacity in relation to nitrogen content and its partitioning in lichens with different photobionts // Plant Cell and Environment. 1998. V. 21. P. 361–372. Poinar G.O., Peterson E.B., Platt J.L. Fossil Parmelia in New World amber // Lichenologist. 2000. V. 32. P. 263–269. Rice C.M., Trewin N.H., Anderson L.I. Geological setting of the Early Devonian Rhynie cherts, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, as early terrestrial hot spring system // J. Geol. Soc. London. 2002. V. 15. ‹ 2. P. 203–214. Rikkinen J. Calicioid lichens from European Tertiary amber // Mycologia. 2003. V. 95. ‹ 6. P. 1032–1036. Rikkinen J., Poinar G.O. A new species of resinicolous Chaenothecopsis (Mycocaliciaceae, Ascomycota) from 20 million year old Bitterfeld amber, with remarks on the biology of resinicolous fungi // Mycol. Res. 2000. V. 104. Pt. 1. P. 7–15. Rikkinen J., Poinar G.O. Fossilized Anzia (Lecanorales, lichen-forming Ascomycota) from European Tertiary amber // Mycol. Res. 2002. V. 106. Pt. 8. P. 984–990. Schopf J.W. Deep divisions in the tree of life – What does the fossil record reveal? // Biol. Bull. 1999. V. 196. ‹ 3. P. 351– 353. Schopf J.W. The fossil record: Tracing the roots of the Cyanobacterial linage / Eds. Whitton B.A., Potts M. The ecology of cyanobacteria. Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ., 2000. P. 13–35. Sherwood-Pike M.A. Pelicothallos Dilcher, an overlooked fossil lichen // Lichenologist. 1985. V. 17. Pt. 1. P. 114–115. Stein W.E., Harmon G.D., Boyce C. et al. Spongiophyton from the Lower Devonian of North America reinterpreted as a lichen // Amer. J. Bot. 1993. V. 80. ‹ 6. P. 93. Taylor W.A., Free Ch., Boyce C. et al. SEM analysis of Spongiophyton interpreted as a fossil lichen // Int. J. Plant Sci. 2004a. V. 165. ‹ 5. P. 875–881. Taylor T.N., Hass H., Remy W., Kerp H. The oldest fossil lichen // Nature. 1995. V. 378. ‹ 6554. P. 244. Taylor T.N., Hass H., Kerp H. A cyanolichen from the Lower Devonian Rhynie Chert // Amer. J. Bot. 1997. V. 84. ‹ 7. P. 992–1004. èÄãÖéçíéãéÉàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã      ‹ 1      2009 ·ÓΠ‰ËÙÙÂÂ̈ËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ ÙÓÏ˚ Î˯‡ÈÌËÍÓ‚Ó„Ó ÒËÏ·ËÓÁ‡. ëÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ ˆË‡ÌÓÎ˯‡ÈÌËÍË Ó·Ì‡ÛÊË‚‡˛Ú ·ÓΠ‚˚ÒÓÍËÈ ÛÓ‚Â̸ ‡ÁÓÚ‡ Ë ÔÓ‚˚¯ÂÌÌÛ˛ ÒËÌÚÂÚ˘ÂÒÍÛ˛ ‡ÍÚË‚ÌÓÒÚ¸ ÔÓ Ò‡‚ÌÂÌ˲ Ò ÙÓÚÓÒËÌÚÂÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ‡ÍÚË‚ÌÓÒÚ¸˛ Î˯‡ÈÌËÍÓ‚ Ò ÁÂÎÂÌ˚ÏË ‚Ó‰ÓÓÒÎflÏË (Palmqvist et al., 1998). èÓ-‚ˉËÏÓÏÛ, Winfrenatia Í‡Í ÒËÏ·ËÓÌÚ ‚Ó ÏÌÓ„ÓÏ ÙÛÌ͈ËÓÌËÓ‚‡Î ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚Ï Ó·‡ÁÓÏ ‚ ˝ÍÓÒËÒÚÂχı. ç‡ ‡ÌÌËı ˝Ú‡Ô‡ı ˝‚ÓβˆËË ·ËÓÒÙÂ˚ ÔË Ò··ÓÏ ‡Á‚ËÚËË ÔÓ˜‚ ÒËÏ·ËÓÚ˘ÂÒÍËÂ Ë ËÌ˚ ÒÓÓ·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ „Ë·Ó‚ Ë ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËÈ Ò˚„‡ÎË ÌÂχÎÓ‚‡ÊÌÛ˛ Óθ ‚ ÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌËË Ì‡ÁÂÏÌ˚ı ˝ÍÓÒËÒÚÂÏ (Jahren et al., 2003). è‰ÔÓ·„‡ÂÚÒfl, ‚ ˜‡ÒÚÌÓÒÚË, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ ‡ÒÒӈˇˆËË ·˚ÎË ÒÔÓÒÓ·Ì˚ Á‡ÒÂÎflÚ¸ ÌÓ‚˚ ˝ÍÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍË Ì˯Ë, ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÒÚ‚Ûfl ‚ ‰‡Î¸ÌÂȯÂÏ ÔÓˆÂÒÒ‡Ï ÔÓ˜‚ÓÓ·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl. Ç˚ÒÓÍËÈ ÛÓ‚Â̸ ÙËÁËÓÎÓ„Ó-·ËÓıËÏ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ‡‰‡ÔÚ‡ˆËË, Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÈ ÒËÏ·ËÓÌÚ‡Ï, Ó·ÂÒÔ˜˂‡Î ıÓÓ¯Û˛ ÓÒÌÓ‚Û ‰Îfl ÔÂÂÊË‚‡ÌËfl ÚÂı ÌÂÒÚ‡·ËθÌ˚ı ÛÒÎÓ‚ËÈ Ò‰˚ Ò ÔÂËÓ‰‡ÏË ÚÂÏÔÂ‡ÚÛÌ˚ı ÒÚÂÒÒÓ‚, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ·˚ÎË ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚ ‚ ÔÂËÓ‰ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó‚‡ÌËfl ‡ÈÌË‚ÓÈ ·ËÓÚ˚. ëèàëéä ãàíÖêÄíìêõ äÓÒÚfl‚ Ç.ü. ëËÌÂÁÂÎÂÌ˚ ‚Ó‰ÓÓÒÎË Ë ˝‚ÓβˆËfl ˝Û͇ËÓÚÌ˚ı Ó„‡ÌËÁÏÓ‚. å.: ç‡Û͇, 2001. 126 Ò. ëÂ„‚ Ç.ç. éÍÂÏÌÂÌÌ˚ ÏËÍÓÙÓÒÒËÎËË ‰ÓÍÂÏ·Ëfl Ë ÍÂÏ·Ëfl ì‡Î‡ Ë ë‰ÌÂÈ ÄÁËË. å.: ç‡Û͇, 1992. 150 Ò. ëÌË„Ë‚Ò͇fl ç.ë., ÅÂÎflÍÓ‚‡ ê.ç., ÑÂϘÂÌÍÓ ä.ç., ä‡‡Ú˚„ËÌ à.Ç. çÓ‚˚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚Â Ó ÒËÏ·ËÓÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÏ Ó„‡ÌËÁÏ Winfrenatia reticulata ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ ‡ÈÌË‚ÓÈ ÙÎÓ˚ (‡ÌÌËÈ ‰Â‚ÓÌ, òÓÚ·̉Ëfl) // åÂʉÛ̇. ‡·Ó˜Â Òӂ¢. “èÓËÒıÓʉÂÌËÂ Ë ˝‚ÓβˆËfl ·ËÓÒÙÂ˚”. çÓ‚ÓÒË·ËÒÍ, 2005. C. 262. Ahmadjian V. Definition of the term lichen // Intern. Lichenol. Newsl. 1982. V. 15. ‹ 2. P. 18–19. Ahmadjian V. The lichen symbiosis. N. Y.: J. Wiley, 1993. 250 p. Anderson L.I., Trewin N.H. An Early Devonian arthropod fauna from the Windyfield chert, Aberdeenshire, Scotland // Palaeontology. 2003. V. 46. ‹ 3. P. 467–509. Church A.H. The lichen as transmigrant // J. Botany. 1921. V. 59. P. 7–13; 40–46. Croft W.N., George E.A. Blue-green algae from the Middle Devonian of Rhynie, Aberdeenshire // Bull. Brit. Museum (Natur. Hist.). Geol. 1958. V. 3. ‹ 10. P. 341–353. Dilcher D.L. Epiphyllous fungi from Eocene deposits in western Tennessee, USA // Palaeontogr. Abt. B. 1965. Bd 116. S. 1–54. Edwards D.S., Lyon A.G. Algae from the Rhynie Chert // Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 1983. V. 86. P. 37–55. Eriksson O.E. The families of bitunicate ascomycetes // Opera Botanica. 1981. V. 60. P. 1–220. Golubic S., Lee Seong-Joo. Early cyanobacterial fossil record: preservation, palaeoenvironments and identification // Europ. Phycol. 1999. V. 34. ‹ 4. P. 339–348. WINFRENATIA RETICULATA – ÑêÖÇçÖâòàâ çÄáÖåçõâ ãàòÄâçàä Taylor T.N., Klavins S.D., Krings M. et al. Fungi from the Rhynie Chert: a view from the dark side // Trans. Roy. Soc. Eding. Earth Sci. 2004b. V. 94. ‹ 4. P. 457–473. Trewin N.H., Fayers S.R., Kelman R. Subaqueous silicification of the contents of small ponds in the Early Devonian hot spring complex, Rhynie, Scotland // Canad. J. Earth Sci. 2003. V. 40. ‹ 11. P. 1697–1712. 7 Tschermak-Woess E. The algal partner. Boca Raton. Fl.: CRC Press, 1988. V. 1. P. 39–92. Walsh M.M., Lowe D.R. Filamentous microfossils from the 3500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barbeton Mountain Land, South Africa // Nature. 1985. V. 314. P. 530–532. Xunlai Yuan, Shuhai Xiao, Taylor T.N. Lichen-Like Symbiosis 600 Million Years Ago // Science. 2005. V. 308. ‹ 5724. P. 1017–1020. é · ˙ fl Ò Ì Â Ì Ë Â Í Ú ‡ · Î Ë ˆ  XV îË„. 1–7. ÄÍÚË‚Ì˚ „ËÙ˚ ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ („Ù) ÒÂ‰Ë ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËÈ: 1, 3–7 – ÔÂÔ‡‡Ú Åàç êÄç, ‹ 1166/1/3–6, ‚Á‡ËÏÓ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl „ËÙ Ò ÍÓÍÍÓˉÌ˚ÏË ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËflÏË (͈·); 2 – ÔÂÔ‡‡Ú Åàç êÄç, ‹ 1166/1/3–6, „ËÙ‡ ÏËÍÓ·ËÓÌÚ‡ Ë ÌËÚ˜‡Ú‡fl ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËfl (̈·). å‡Ò¯Ú‡·Ì‡fl ÎËÌÂÈ͇: ÙË„. 1 – 100 ÏÍÏ, ÙË„. 2 – 20 ÏÍÏ, ÙË„. 3 – 50 ÏÍÏ, ÙË„. 4 – 25 ÏÍÏ, ÙË„. 5–7 – 15 ÏÍÏ. é · ˙ fl Ò Ì Â Ì Ë Â Í Ú ‡ · Î Ë ˆ  XVI îË„. 1–8. çËÚ˜‡Ú‡fl Ë ÍÓÍÍÓˉ̇fl ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËË ‚ ÒÎÓ‚ˢÂ: 1–4 – ÔÂÔ‡‡Ú Åàç êÄç, ‹ 1166/1/3–6, ÚËıÓÏ˚ (Ú) Ë ‚·„‡Îˢ‡ ÌËÚ˜‡ÚÓÈ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËË (̈·); 2 – ÌËÚ˜‡Ú‡fl ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËfl Ò „ÂÚÂÓˆËÒÚÓÈ („ÂÚ); 3 – ÚËıÓχ ÒÂ‰Ë ÔÛÒÚ˚ı ‚·„‡Îˢ ÒÎÓ‚ˢ‡; 4 – ÚËıÓÏ˚ ÌËÚ˜‡ÚÓÈ ˆË‡ÌÓ·‡ÍÚÂËË Ò ÔÂ„ÓӉ͇ÏË (Ô„) ‚ ̇ÛÊÌÓÏ ÔÓÍ˚‚‡Î ÒÎÓ‚ˢ‡; 5 – ÔÂÔ‡‡Ú Åàç êÄç, ‹ 1166/1/3–6, ÒÔÓ‡ „Ë·‡ ‚ ÒÎÓ‚ˢÂ; 6–8 – ÔÂÔ‡‡Ú Åàç êÄç, 1166/1/3–1, Ó·ÓÎÓ˜ÍË ÓÚÏÂ¯ÂÈ ÍÓÍÍÓˉÌÓÈ ‚Ó‰ÓÓÒÎË (͈·) ‚ ·‡Á‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÒÎÓ‚ˢ‡. å‡Ò¯Ú‡·Ì‡fl ÎËÌÂÈ͇: ÙË„. 1 – 50 ÏÍÏ, ÙË„. 2 – 10 ÏÍÏ, ÙË„. 3 – 10 ÏÍÏ, ÙË„. 4 – 20 ÏÍÏ, ÙË„. 5 – 25 ÏÍÏ, ÙË„. 6 – 30 ÏÍÏ, ÙË„. 7–8 – 15 ÏÍÏ. èÄãÖéçíéãéÉàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã      ‹ 1      2009